Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Types
Breast cancer is defined as a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells, leading to the formation of tumors. It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally, with 2.3 million new cases and 670,000 deaths reported in 2022 alone.[3.1] Breast cancer can be classified into two broad categories: invasive and non-invasive types. Invasive breast cancer refers to cancer cells that have spread beyond their original site in the breast tissue, while non-invasive breast cancer, also known as in situ breast cancer, has not spread and is typically detected during routine screenings.[10.1] Non-invasive types include ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), with DCIS accounting for nearly 20% of all new breast cancer diagnoses.[8.1] Within the invasive category, the most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma, which constitutes about 70% of breast cancer cases, followed by invasive lobular carcinoma, making up approximately 15-20% of tumors.[9.1] Other types of breast cancer include inflammatory breast cancer and metastatic breast cancer, which refers to cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.[1.1] The classification of breast cancer extends to various histological and molecular subtypes, which have significant implications for treatment and prognosis. The World Health Organization recognizes at least 21 distinct histological types based on cell morphology and growth patterns.[19.1] Among these, the four major molecular subtypes are luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).[18.1] Each subtype exhibits unique biological characteristics and responses to treatment, underscoring the importance of personalized medicine in optimizing therapeutic strategies for breast cancer patients.[24.1]Symptoms and Risk Factors
Breast cancer symptoms and risk factors are influenced by various biological and genetic factors. Optimal pharmacologic treatment for breast cancer is determined by several key characteristics, including tumor grade, stage, hormone receptor status, genetic sequence variation status, and histologic subtype.[29.1] These factors not only guide treatment decisions but also significantly impact overall patient outcomes. The 8th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, adopted on January 1, 2018, emphasizes the integration of anatomic staging with tumor grade and biomarker data, including hormone receptor status and oncogene expression. This comprehensive approach allows for a more accurate assignment of prognostic stage, which is crucial for tailoring treatment strategies.[30.1] Understanding these elements is essential for both clinicians and patients in managing breast cancer effectively.History
Early Discoveries
The history of breast cancer treatment can be traced back to ancient civilizations, with the earliest known references found in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, dating to around 3000 BCE. This ancient Egyptian manuscript documents observations of large breast tumors, indicating an early understanding of the disease as a serious health concern.[51.1] The first recorded case of breast cancer is believed to be from ancient Egypt, where evidence of a tumor was discovered in the remains of a mummy from approximately 1600 BCE.[48.1] Throughout antiquity, various societies attempted to treat breast cancer, although their methods were rudimentary by modern standards. The Edwin Smith Papyrus is one of the earliest texts to report on cancer treatment, reflecting the medical practices and beliefs of that era.[49.1] Despite the primitive nature of these treatments, physicians began to focus on observation and documentation, which laid the groundwork for future medical understanding.[50.1] The evolution of breast cancer research and treatment has seen significant milestones, particularly in the last few decades. For instance, since 1993, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF) has supported major breakthroughs in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, contributing to a 44 percent decline in breast cancer deaths since 1989.[41.1] The approval of Tamoxifen by the FDA in 1978 marked a pivotal moment in breast cancer treatment, leading to more personalized approaches as research advanced.[40.1]Milestones in Treatment
Over the past decade, significant advancements in breast cancer treatment have transformed patient care and outcomes. One notable development is the increased use of targeted therapies, which specifically block proteins that regulate the growth, division, and spread of cancer cells. This approach has been particularly effective for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, leading to improved survival rates.[47.1] Additionally, the introduction of immunotherapy represents a groundbreaking shift in treatment options, offering new avenues for managing the disease.[47.1] The evolution of surgical techniques has also played a crucial role in enhancing patient outcomes. A case-controlled cohort study involving 7,565 breast cancer cases demonstrated that breast-conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy resulted in better recurrence control and survival compared to mastectomy. This finding underscores the importance of encouraging women to consider less invasive surgical options.[44.1] Furthermore, the integration of genomic insights into treatment planning has significantly reshaped the approach to breast cancer care. As highlighted by case studies from clinical practice, these insights have led to more personalized treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes. However, there remains a pressing need for expanded access to genomic testing and further research into racial disparities in breast cancer care.[45.1]Recent Advancements
Diagnostic Techniques
Recent advancements in breast cancer diagnostics have significantly improved detection rates and patient outcomes through the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and innovative imaging techniques. Over the past four decades, breast cancer mortality has decreased by 44%, largely due to early detection and enhanced treatment options, with AI playing a crucial role in this progress by analyzing extensive datasets to improve diagnostic accuracy.[98.1] AI's capabilities in pattern recognition and decision-making have shown promise in various aspects of breast cancer management, including detection, diagnosis, personalized treatment, risk assessment, and prevention.[100.1] AI has been particularly effective in enhancing mammography screening, where it has been shown to increase cancer detection rates while simultaneously reducing the workload for radiologists.[99.1] For instance, the integration of AI in mammography has led to improved accuracy in detecting breast cancer, with studies indicating that AI algorithms can achieve pathologist-level accuracy in histology classification.[101.1] Furthermore, AI has been instrumental in optimizing workflow efficiency across multiple imaging modalities, thereby facilitating earlier detection and better treatment outcomes.[102.1] In addition to AI advancements, emerging imaging techniques such as molecular breast imaging (MBI) and 3D mammography have also contributed to improved diagnostic capabilities. MBI, which can be performed at acceptable radiation doses for routine screening, has been shown to significantly increase cancer detection rates in women with dense breast tissue, from three to twelve cancers per 1,000 women screened.[120.1] Comparatively, traditional 2D mammography has a sensitivity of only 86% and a specificity of 57%, indicating a higher likelihood of missed cancers and incorrect diagnoses.[121.1] In contrast, 3D mammography, particularly when combined with AI algorithms, has demonstrated higher lesion-specific sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional methods.[122.1]Treatment Innovations
Recent advancements in breast cancer treatment have been characterized by significant innovations aimed at improving patient outcomes and minimizing side effects. A notable development is the use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which represent a targeted therapeutic strategy that delivers cytotoxic drugs directly into tumor cells. This approach enhances the precision of chemotherapy, allowing for significant improvements in efficacy while managing drug toxicity more effectively than traditional methods.[93.1] In addition to ADCs, the integration of immunotherapy into treatment regimens has shown promise, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer. Clinical trials have demonstrated that combining immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, with chemotherapy can yield effective results in both advanced and early-stage settings.[94.1] Furthermore, the I-SPY 2.2 trial has illustrated that tailoring neoadjuvant therapy based on tumor subtype can lead to improved outcomes for patients with early-stage breast cancer.[91.1] Emerging therapies, including CDK4/6 inhibitors and PARP inhibitors, are also providing new avenues for treatment, especially for patients with aggressive forms of breast cancer. These therapies target specific molecular pathways, offering more personalized treatment options.[97.1] Moreover, the combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy or targeted therapies has been shown to enhance responses and survival rates, indicating a shift towards more integrated treatment approaches.[92.1]In this section:
Epidemiology
Incidence and Prevalence
Breast cancer has emerged as a significant global health issue, with its incidence and prevalence showing notable trends over recent decades. As of 2020, breast cancer became the most diagnosed cancer worldwide, surpassing lung and prostate cancers, with projections indicating that cases in the United States could reach 364,000 by 2040.[133.1] In 2022, approximately 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer globally, resulting in 670,000 deaths, underscoring the disease's severe impact on women's health.[134.1] The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer for women is approximately 13.1%, based on data from 2018 to 2021, with an estimated 3,972,256 women living with the disease in the United States as of 2021.[137.1] Furthermore, breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. have shown a steady increase of 0.5% annually from 2010 to 2019.[161.1] This trend is mirrored in many developing countries, where there has been a significant rise in incidence over the past two decades.[162.1] Epidemiological studies have identified various risk factors associated with breast cancer, including socioeconomic status, which has a well-established positive correlation with breast cancer risk.[135.1] The heterogeneity of breast cancer, characterized by its four main subtypes, further complicates the understanding of its epidemiology and necessitates tailored public health interventions.[161.1]Demographic Factors
Breast cancer incidence is significantly influenced by various demographic and socioeconomic factors. Research indicates that for all racial and ethnic groups, breast cancer incidence rates tend to be positively associated with higher socioeconomic status (SES).[147.1] Conversely, lower socioeconomic status is linked to an increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancers, as well as later-stage diagnoses and poorer overall outcomes.[147.1] Additionally, SES may affect the likelihood of women receiving breast cancer screening and their access to timely and high-quality care.[150.1] These factors highlight the complex interplay between socioeconomic status and breast cancer risk across different populations. Women residing in higher SES or urban communities are at a greater risk of developing breast cancer, even when controlling for individual education and other known risk factors.[149.1] This suggests that community-level factors, such as access to healthcare resources and screening services, play a crucial role in breast cancer epidemiology. Differences in screening adherence are evident based on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve access to timely and high-quality care.[151.1] Moreover, the persistent disparities in breast cancer mortality between Black and White women cannot be fully explained by tumor biology or genetic factors alone, indicating that social determinants of health, including race and socioeconomic position, must be considered in understanding these disparities.[148.1] Community-based initiatives that address the unique challenges faced by underserved populations are essential for improving awareness, education, and access to breast cancer screening services.[141.1] Programs such as the "Patient Voices Breast Cancer Program," which targets low-income Black, Hispanic, refugee, and immigrant women in rural areas through mobile mammography and peer education, exemplify effective community outreach strategies.[142.1] These initiatives aim to dismantle barriers to screening and treatment, ultimately contributing to a reduction in breast cancer disparities among vulnerable populations.[139.1]In this section:
Molecular Biology
Molecular Subtypes
Breast cancer is categorized into four distinct molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like breast cancers. These classifications are determined through the analysis of gene expression patterns, which allow researchers to create a "molecular portrait" of each tumor.[178.1] The understanding of these molecular subtypes is crucial as it guides treatment decisions and enhances the effectiveness of targeted therapies.[178.1] The advent of molecular profiling has revolutionized the landscape of breast cancer treatment, shifting the therapeutic paradigm from a one-size-fits-all approach to subtype-specific precision therapy.[180.1] This transformation underscores the importance of personalized medicine in improving outcomes for patients diagnosed with specific subtypes of breast cancer.[180.1] Breast cancer (BC) is a multifaceted disease characterized by distinct molecular subtypes that exhibit varying responses to treatment. The four primary molecular subtypes are luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like breast cancers, each defined by unique gene expression patterns that guide therapeutic decisions.[178.1] Research has demonstrated that luminal A and luminal B subtypes are both estrogen receptor-positive; however, they differ in prognosis, with luminal B generally associated with a poorer prognosis compared to luminal A.[181.1] The HER2-enriched subtype is characterized by specific gene expression profiles that inform treatment strategies, particularly in targeting the HER2 protein, which is associated with more aggressive disease.[178.1] Additionally, basal-like breast cancers frequently overlap with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), which are defined by the absence of hormone receptors and HER2 expression, presenting significant challenges in treatment.[178.1] Understanding these molecular subtypes is essential for the development of personalized medicine approaches, as they enable tailored treatment strategies that can enhance patient outcomes.[182.1] Recent advancements in molecular profiling have revolutionized breast cancer treatment, shifting the therapeutic paradigm from a one-size-fits-all approach to a more precise, subtype-specific strategy.[180.1] Breast cancer is a multifaceted disease characterized by distinct molecular subtypes, each exhibiting varying responses to treatment.[182.1] The search for new predictive biomarkers is critical to the development of personalized medicine for breast cancer patients, as these different therapeutic options have markedly improved patient outcomes.[183.1] However, further improvement is needed to combat treatment resistance, which remains a significant challenge in the management of this disease.[183.1] Breast cancer (BC) is a multifaceted disease characterized by distinct molecular subtypes and varying responses to treatment. Among the critical pathways involved in BC are the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which has emerged as a significant contributor to tumor development, progression, and treatment resistance.[182.1] Additionally, other cellular pathways, including MAPK, RB/E2F, and TP53, are also altered in breast cancer, highlighting the complexity of its molecular biology.[184.1] As research advances, understanding these molecular mechanisms is expected to enhance personalized medicine approaches, ultimately improving treatment outcomes for patients with specific subtypes of breast cancer.[182.1]Genetic Risk Factors
Recent advancements in genomic profiling have significantly enhanced the understanding of genetic risk factors associated with breast cancer. The development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has accelerated genome-wide analyses, allowing for the identification of key mutations and driver genes that are crucial for the development of targeted therapies.[190.1] NGS enables comprehensive screening of various genomic abnormalities, including common and rare mutations, which facilitates a deeper understanding of the genetic landscape of breast cancer.[191.1] Moreover, the integration of NGS into clinical practice has transformed personalized medicine (PM) approaches in oncology. By identifying cancer-associated genomic alterations, NGS supports the implementation of mutation-targeted therapies, which have been shown to improve overall survival and treatment response rates compared to traditional therapies.[192.1] The systematic study of the cancer genome through NGS assays provides oncologists with precise, predictive, and prognostic information, thereby enhancing the ability to tailor treatment strategies for individual patients.[193.1] Breast carcinogenesis is a multistep process that involves both genetic and epigenetic changes, leading to aberrant gene function.[205.1] Epigenetics is defined as a reversible and heritable change in gene expression that does not involve alterations in the DNA sequence, with DNA methylation and histone modifications being the primary mechanisms influencing gene expression in cancer.[204.1] Recent advancements in the understanding of epigenomics have significantly impacted the knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to breast cancer, facilitating the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.[205.1] Furthermore, environmental risk factors play a crucial role in orchestrating major epigenetic events, underscoring the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach to better understand the gene-environment interactions implicated in breast cancer.[207.1] This comprehensive understanding is essential for addressing the complexities of breast cancer biology and improving treatment outcomes. Furthermore, specific genetic mutations, including those in the BRCA1/2 genes and PIK3CA, have been extensively studied for their contributions to breast cancer susceptibility. However, emerging evidence emphasizes the importance of epigenetic modifications in the progression of the disease and the development of resistance to therapies.[209.1] Thus, a comprehensive understanding of both genetic and epigenetic factors is essential for advancing breast cancer research and improving therapeutic outcomes.In this section:
Lifestyle Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable risk factors for breast cancer include lifestyle choices such as diet, alcohol consumption, and obesity, which significantly influence the likelihood of developing the disease. Obesity is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women. It is associated with hormonal changes, including excessive local production of estrogens in adipose tissue, which can promote cancer development. Additionally, obesity is linked to comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, which further increases breast cancer risk in this demographic.[223.1] Studies indicate that obese women with breast cancer tend to present with larger tumors and more advanced disease stages at diagnosis, as well as a higher likelihood of metastasis and resistance to hormone therapy.[222.1] Conversely, weight loss after menopause has been associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, suggesting that maintaining a healthy weight may be protective.[224.1] Dietary patterns also play a crucial role in breast cancer risk. Research indicates that diets high in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, while low in red and processed meats, refined grains, and sugar-sweetened foods, are associated with a lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.[226.1] Furthermore, specific foods such as berries, peaches, fatty fish, and fermented products have been linked to a reduced risk of breast cancer.[239.1] A study highlighted that women who adhered to a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in processed foods experienced better outcomes during presurgical chemotherapy for breast cancer.[227.1] Alcohol consumption is a significant modifiable risk factor for breast cancer, classified as a Group 1 carcinogen due to its established link to an increased risk of developing this disease among women.[231.1] Despite this classification, public awareness of the carcinogenic effects of alcohol, particularly its association with breast cancer, remains low.[229.1] A study revealed that less than half (48.5%) of health professionals were aware that alcohol use is a risk factor for breast cancer, highlighting a concerning gap in knowledge.[230.1] This lack of awareness is particularly troubling given that breast cancer is the third most common cancer in Ireland, where alcohol consumption levels are high.[229.1] Therefore, it is crucial to assess the level of awareness regarding alcohol as a risk factor for breast cancer and to identify differences in awareness based on sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol-related problems.[232.1]Impact of Lifestyle Changes
Lifestyle changes can significantly impact the risk and management of breast cancer. A healthy diet and maintaining a healthy weight are crucial factors in reducing breast cancer risk, particularly after menopause. Being overweight or obese is a well-established risk factor, with studies indicating that excess body fat is linked to approximately 33% of postmenopausal breast cancers that could potentially be prevented through lifestyle modifications.[219.1] Dietary choices also play a role in breast cancer risk. Research has shown that alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, while a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may be linked to a decreased risk.[218.1] Furthermore, a study highlighted that adherence to a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber, combined with regular exercise, was associated with improved pathological outcomes in breast cancer patients undergoing presurgical chemotherapy.[235.1] Lifestyle interventions, including dietary changes and exercise, have been shown to influence the hormonal environment in the body, which is critical in breast cancer prevention. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that weight loss achieved through reduced caloric intake and/or exercise can positively affect breast cancer-related endogenous sex hormones in overweight, physically inactive postmenopausal women.[236.1] This suggests that integrating exercise programs and dietary interventions into treatment plans for high-risk breast cancer patients can reduce recurrence risk and enhance overall well-being.[237.1] Lifestyle changes can play a crucial role in improving health outcomes for breast cancer patients. However, individuals often face significant psychological barriers when attempting to adopt healthier habits. Fatigue has been identified as the primary barrier to making healthy food choices (72.1%) and maintaining physical activity (65.7%), followed by stress (69.5%) and treatment-related changes in eating habits, such as alterations in taste and appetite (31.4% to 48.6%).[246.1] To effectively address these challenges, lifestyle intervention programs that incorporate nutrition education, physical activity, and stress management have been shown to be beneficial in enhancing the health of breast cancer patients.[248.1] Additionally, the social environment is a recognized determinant of health and well-being, with inadequate social support linked to a significant increase in cancer-related mortality among breast cancer patients.[249.1] This lack of support can hinder patients' ability to cope with the demands of treatment and may exacerbate emotional issues such as distress, anxiety, or depression.[250.1] Therefore, fostering strong social networks can provide essential instrumental support, which may improve patients' interactions with healthcare professionals and enhance their overall quality of life.[251.1]Prognostic Markers
Biomarkers in Breast Cancer
Prognostic markers in breast cancer are essential for guiding treatment decisions and assessing patient outcomes. Traditional prognostic factors include tumor size, axillary lymph node status, and both nuclear and histological grades, which are critical in evaluating the prognosis of breast cancer patients.[254.1] Specifically, smaller tumor sizes and lower tumor grades, as determined by the modified Scarf Bloom Richardson (SBR) system, are associated with a better prognosis.[252.1] Additionally, the landscape of breast cancer prognostic factors is evolving, with the inclusion of multigene classifiers that may significantly impact clinical decision-making and future management strategies.[255.1] Biomarkers such as HER2/neu and estrogen receptors are crucial in guiding treatment decisions for breast cancer. Specifically, HER2 status plays a critical role in predicting the response to therapy, particularly for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.[261.1] Recent advancements in the field include the HER2DX genomic assay, which has demonstrated significant clinical utility in guiding treatment decisions for patients with stage I-III HER2-positive breast cancer. This was evidenced by a prospective real-world study published in ESMO Real World Data and Digital Oncology, which evaluated 297 patients and highlighted the assay's effectiveness.[259.1] Ongoing clinical trials are also expanding the treatment landscape for HER2-positive breast cancer, aiming to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.[261.1] Multigene genomic assays have emerged as valuable RNA-based molecular tests that assist in treatment decision-making for early breast cancer. These assays provide critical information for risk stratification and guide adjuvant therapy choices, complementing traditional clinical assessments.[258.1] The Oncotype DX® Breast Recurrence Score® (RS) assay is one such tool that has gained prominence in clinical practice.[260.1] Furthermore, the forthcoming RSClin test is anticipated to enhance treatment decision-making, reflecting the ongoing evolution in the management of breast cancer.[260.1] By integrating these genomic assays into clinical practice, healthcare providers can harness their full potential to improve the precision and efficacy of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.[257.1] Estrogen receptors (ER) play a crucial role in breast cancer, as nearly two-thirds of breast cancers overexpress these receptors.[264.1] Their expression is highly predictive of response to endocrine therapy, which is essential for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers.[265.1] Endocrine therapy is considered the backbone of systemic treatment in both early and advanced stages of breast cancer, highlighting the significant impact of targeting estrogen receptors in clinical practice.[264.1] Current endocrine therapies aim to target ER function at multiple levels, further enhancing treatment efficacy for patients with ER-positive tumors.[265.1]Treatment Strategies
Surgical Options
Surgical options for breast cancer treatment are influenced by several critical factors that guide the decision-making process between lumpectomy and mastectomy. Key considerations include tumor size, location, and whether multiple tumors are present, as well as the patient's history with radiation therapy.[304.1] Additionally, patient preferences, particularly concerns about appearance and the risk of recurrence, play a significant role in this decision.[303.1] Ultimately, choosing between lumpectomy and mastectomy requires careful consideration of these medical and personal factors to ensure that the treatment aligns with the patient's values and clinical needs.[304.1] In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on shared decision-making, which prioritizes patient involvement in treatment choices. This approach has been shown to enhance patient satisfaction and improve overall well-being, as patients who actively participate in their treatment decisions report a higher perception of quality of care and better quality of life.[302.1] The elicitation of patient preferences is a key component of this shared decision-making process, particularly for preference-sensitive decisions such as the choice between lumpectomy and mastectomy.[301.1] Technological advancements have also transformed surgical options for breast cancer. Cryoablation, a minimally invasive technique, has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional surgical methods, particularly for small luminal-like tumors. This approach is associated with reduced morbidity and a lower psychosocial and cosmetic impact.[312.1] Furthermore, the adoption of robotic technology in oncologic breast surgery, especially in robotic nipple-sparing mastectomy, has been increasing. This technique offers potential advantages over conventional methods, although it also presents certain limitations.[313.1] Recent advances in breast cancer surgery have significantly focused on tailoring surgical approaches based on the biological characteristics of tumors. Understanding the type, stage, and genetic makeup of neoplasms is crucial for determining the most effective surgical plan, which enhances both oncological safety and aesthetic outcomes.[314.1] Over the past two decades, advancements in oncology and oncoplastic training have expanded the options for treating breast cancer, establishing oncological safety and aesthetic outcomes as the pillars of contemporary breast surgery.[315.1] These innovations are shaping the overall treatment strategy, leading to more personalized and effective care for patients.Pharmacological Treatments
Pharmacological treatments for breast cancer encompass a variety of strategies aimed at prolonging survival and enhancing the quality of life for patients. These treatments include chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, each playing a crucial role in the management of the disease. Chemotherapy is often a cornerstone of breast cancer treatment, typically utilized in conjunction with other modalities such as surgery and radiation therapy. It involves the use of cytotoxic drugs that target rapidly dividing cancer cells, and the specific regimen is tailored based on factors such as the cancer subtype, stage, and patient history.[290.1] The selection of chemotherapy regimens is influenced by the balance of potential benefits against possible side effects, as well as the patient's previous and future treatment plans.[309.1] Pharmacological treatments for breast cancer encompass a variety of strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes. Endocrine therapy is particularly relevant for hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, as it can decrease the effects of estrogen on cancer cell growth by interfering with the binding of estrogen to its receptor.[290.1] In addition to endocrine therapy, targeted therapies may be employed to block the action of specific proteins or disrupt pathways that signal tumor cells to continue growing.[290.1] For patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, targeted therapies are essential, and guidelines from ASCO recommend specific adjuvant chemotherapy regimens tailored to the cancer subtype and stage.[310.1] Furthermore, in cases of metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor-positive and has not responded to other treatments, options may include targeted therapies or chemotherapy, depending on the individual patient's circumstances.[293.1] These multifaceted approaches highlight the importance of personalized treatment plans in managing breast cancer effectively. Pharmacological treatments for breast cancer have evolved significantly, with targeted therapies becoming a crucial component of personalized medicine. In women with metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive and has not responded to other treatments, targeted therapy options may include PARP inhibitors such as olaparib or talazoparib, particularly for those with mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes who have previously undergone chemotherapy.[293.1] Additionally, recent studies have explored innovative approaches such as gene therapy and the use of microRNA in anti-cancer therapy, which have shown promising results in inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation.[292.1] For instance, a phase 2 trial involving 28 patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) demonstrated a clinical benefit rate of 21.4% when combining in situ virus gene therapy with stereotactic body radiotherapy and pembrolizumab, highlighting the potential for durable responses and improved overall survival.[292.1] These advancements underscore the importance of tailoring treatment strategies based on the specific characteristics of the cancer and the patient's previous treatment history. The decision-making process regarding the use of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer is complicated by the absence of clear guidelines. This lack of clarity can result in some patients undergoing unnecessary chemotherapy, which exposes them to associated toxicities without a definitive benefit.[289.1] A comprehensive analysis of treatment strategies has demonstrated that breast-conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy is associated with better recurrence control and survival outcomes compared to mastectomy, leading to recommendations for physicians to encourage women to consider this treatment option.[290.1] These findings underscore the importance of ongoing research to optimize treatment approaches for breast cancer patients.In this section:
Support And Resources
Patient Support Systems
A breast cancer diagnosis can be a life-altering moment, often accompanied by fear and uncertainty. To navigate this challenging journey, various patient support systems are available, providing essential resources and emotional assistance. Organizations such as Living Beyond Breast Cancer and Breastcancer.org serve as vital connections for individuals seeking trusted information and community support, ensuring that no one faces breast cancer alone.[331.1] The National Breast Cancer Foundation (NBCF) emphasizes the importance of emotional support, recognizing that a breast cancer diagnosis can create significant psychological challenges. They offer educational resources and support to help individuals cope with the emotional impact of their diagnosis.[332.1] Additionally, comprehensive resources are available that guide patients through treatment options, emotional and caregiver support, and financial assistance, helping them navigate the complexities of healthcare.[335.1] Coping strategies play a crucial role in managing the emotional challenges associated with breast cancer. Research indicates that seeking social support, engaging in positive reframing, and utilizing religious or spiritual practices are common strategies employed by patients to foster resilience.[347.1] These coping mechanisms not only aid in emotional management but also enhance overall well-being during treatment. Furthermore, community engagement is essential in raising awareness and providing support. Participating in local breast cancer events, such as walks or runs, can help individuals connect with others and promote early detection.[342.1] Social media also serves as a powerful platform for sharing resources and personal experiences, allowing individuals to bridge connections with those affected by breast cancer globally.[345.1]References
[1] Types of Breast Cancer — Types of breast cancer include ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, inflammatory breast cancer, and metastatic breast cancer.
[3] Breast cancer - World Health Organization (WHO) — © Credits Breast cancer 13 March 2024 Key facts Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which abnormal breast cells grow out of control and form tumours. Scope of the problem In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor.
[8] What's the Difference Between Invasive and Non-invasive Breast Cancers? — What is Non-invasive Breast Cancer? Non-invasive breast cancer, also called in situ breast cancer, is referred to as Stage 0 breast cancer. Non-invasive breast cancer includes ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). DCIS accounts for almost 20% of all new breast cancers diagnosed. It's most often found during a
[9] Breast cancer - World Cancer Report - NCBI Bookshelf — Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer, making up about 70% of tumours, and about 15-20% of tumours are invasive lobular carcinomas. ... and are beginning to provide new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying known breast cancer risk factors, as well as offering the potential to identify new biomarkers
[10] Invasive Vs Noninvasive Breast Cancer | Essential Insights — It helps healthcare providers determine the best course of action for treatment and management. Knowing whether a tumor is invasive or noninvasive can significantly impact a patient's outlook. Understanding Invasive Breast Cancer. Invasive breast cancer is characterized by its ability to spread beyond the original site in the breast tissue. The
[18] Subtypes of Breast Cancer - Breast Cancer - NCBI Bookshelf — Chapter 3Subtypes of Breast Cancer Accordingly, the following four subtypes of breast cancer are widely recognized: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive, and triple-negative. Recently, the identification of differentially expressed genes, long non-coding RNAs, and RNA binding proteins for each breast cancer subtype were reported: RASDF7 for luminal A, DCTPP1 for luminal B, DHRS11, KLC3, NAG3 and TMEM98 for HER2, and ABDHD14A and ADSSL1 for TNBC, providing preliminary evidence to identify new prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for individual breast cancer subtypes (14). This chapter focuses on the four major subtypes of breast cancer: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive, and TNBC subtypes. Characteristics of subtypes of breast cancer. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast-subtypes.html [Accessed on 20 Jun 2022] Subtypes of Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36255/exon-publications-breast-cancer-subtypes Subtypes of Breast Cancer.
[19] Rare Breast Cancer Subtypes: Histological, Molecular, and Clinical ... — On the basis of cell morphology, growth, and architecture patterns, breast cancer can be classified in up to 21 distinct histological types. Breast cancer special types, including the classic lobular invasive carcinoma, represent 25% of all breast cancers. The histological diversity of breast carcinomas has relevant prognostic implications.
[24] Predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine in breast cancer ... — Breast cancer has several molecular subtypes, including but not limited to HR+ BC , HER2+ BC , and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) . Classifying BC into molecular subtypes is essential as it provides important insights into tumor biology and helps in adjusting therapeutic approaches accordingly [ 187 , 188 ].
[29] Breast Cancer Treatment & Pharmacologic Management — Optimal pharmacologic breast cancer treatment is determined based on the tumor grade, stage, hormone receptor status, genetic sequence variation status and burden, and histologic subtype. Breast
[30] Breast Cancer Staging: Updates in the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th ... — In the newest edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (8th edition, adopted on January 1, 2018), breast cancer staging integrates anatomic staging with tumor grade, biomarker data regarding hormone receptor status, oncogene expression, and gene expression profiling to assign a prognostic stage. This article reviews the 8th edition of the AJCC
[40] History of Breast Cancer: Timeline - Healthline — Breast Cancer Breast Cancer History of Breast Cancer Breast cancer research milestones 1978: Tamoxifen (Nolvadex, Soltamox) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in breast cancer treatment. 1985: Researchers discover that women with early-stage breast cancer who were treated with a lumpectomy and radiation have similar survival rates to women treated with only a mastectomy. Breast cancer treatment is becoming more personalized as doctors learn more about the disease. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-biosimilar-treatment-certain-breast-and-stomach-cancers FDA approves new treatment option for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who have progressed on available therapies. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-option-patients-her2-positive-breast-cancer-who-have-progressed-available Milestones in breast cancer treatment. Nutrition Strategies for Managing Breast Cancer: What You Need to KnowLearn how your diet can support breast cancer treatment by boosting your immune system, reducing inflammation, and managing side effects.
[41] History of Breast Cancer Timeline - Breast Cancer Research Foundation — Since 1993, BCRF-supported investigators have been deeply involved in every major breakthrough in breast cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, metastasis, and survivorship. Research is the reason there are more than 4 million breast cancer survivors in the U.S. and deaths from breast cancer have declined by 44 percent since 1989. But with
[44] Treatment Strategies and Survival Outcomes in Breast Cancer — Treatment Strategies and Survival Outcomes in Breast Cancer - PMC In this Special Issue entitled, ‘Treatment strategies and survival outcomes in breast cancer’, a number of original research articles are included covering a diversity of studies, from pre-clinical and translational biomarker studies to clinical trials and population-based studies. analysed the oncological outcomes of 7565 cases of breast cancer in a case-controlled cohort study comparing breast conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy with mastectomy, showing that the former was associated with better recurrence control and survival, and as such recommended physicians to encourage women to receive such treatment . Clinical Significance of Lymph-Node Ratio in Determining Supraclavicular Lymph-Node Radiation Therapy in pN1 Breast Cancer Patients Who Received Breast-Conserving Treatment (KROG 14–18): A Multicenter Study.
[45] Unraveling Disparities and Genomic Advances Across Breast Cancer Care — In an interview with CURE, Hampton shared case studies from her own practice, illustrating how genomic insights have reshaped treatment plans and improved patient outcomes for those with breast cancer. She also highlights the continued need for expanded access to genomic testing and research into racial disparities in breast cancer care.
[47] Advances in Breast Cancer - NIH News in Health — There are newer treatment options called targeted treatments. These block specific proteins that control how cancer cells grow, divide, and spread. Targeted treatments for HER2-positive cancer have improved survival over the last decade. The most recent type of cancer treatment is called immunotherapy.
[48] A Journey Through Time: Tracing The History Of Breast Cancer Treatment — The treatment of breast cancer dates back to ancient times. The first recorded case of breast cancer can be traced back to ancient Egypt, where evidence of a tumor was found in the remains of a mummy dating back to around 1600 BC.
[49] The past and future of breast cancer treatment—from the papyrus to ... — Breast cancer treatment in ancient times. Cancer is one of the oldest diseases ever described by medicine. One of the earliest manuscripts reporting on cancer treatment was the Egyptian papyrus of Edwin Smith, dated 1600BC but possibly a copy from a much older document, from 2500 to 3000BC . It is considered to be the first known medical
[50] History of Breast Cancer: 5,000 Years Ago vs. Now — Breast Cancer in the Ancient World (3000 BCE - 400 CE) The earliest chronicles of breast cancer date back to antiquated societies. These archives reveal how people of that time observed and attempted to treat the complex illness. ... Though breast cancer treatment remained primitive, physicians shifted their focus to observation and
[51] Navigating the Landscape of Cancer From Ancient Times to Modern ... — The history of cancer spans thousands of years, with ancient civilizations documenting early encounters with the disease and attempting various remedies. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, dating back to 3000 BC, contains one of the earliest known references to breast cancer, acknowledging the presence of large breast tumors as indicators of serious illness.
[91] Top 10 Breast Cancer Breakthroughs in 2024 - targetedonc.com — Precision Medicine Trial Improves Treatment by Tumor Subtype: The I-SPY 2.2 trial (NCT01042379) found that tailoring neoadjuvant therapy based on tumor subtype, including the use of antibody-drug conjugates and checkpoint inhibitors, improved outcomes in patients with early-stage breast cancer. December 13th 2024 Article In the phase 3 EUROPA trial, exclusive postoperative radiation therapy led to better health-related quality of life and fewer treatment-related adverse events in older patients with stage I luminal-like breast cancer at 24 months.Read More December 13th 2024 Article In the phase 3 EUROPA trial, exclusive postoperative radiation therapy led to better health-related quality of life and fewer treatment-related adverse events in older patients with stage I luminal-like breast cancer at 24 months.Read More
[92] Novel immunotherapies for breast cancer: Focus on 2023 findings — Moreover, combining ICIs with chemotherapy or targeted therapies has improved responses and survival rates . Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) strategies have also shown promise in BCa immunotherapy.
[93] Unveiling the future of breast cancer therapy: Cutting-edge antibody ... — Unveiling the future of breast cancer therapy: Cutting-edge antibody-drug conjugate strategies and clinical outcomes - ScienceDirect Unveiling the future of breast cancer therapy: Cutting-edge antibody-drug conjugate strategies and clinical outcomes ADCs are transforming breast cancer (BC) treatment with unprecedented precision. In the era of precision medicine, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have gained significant attention as a targeted therapeutic strategy in breast cancer treatment. ADCs, a relatively new treatment for breast cancer, deliver cytotoxic drugs (payloads), directly into the tumor space, turning chemotherapy into a targeted agent, which enables patients to experience significant improvements with manageable drug toxicity. Additionally, it analyzes potential combination strategies to overcome ADC resistance, aiming to provide clinicians with a comprehensive clinical guide to the use of ADCs in breast cancer treatment. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[94] Immunotherapy in breast cancer: an overview of current ... - Nature — In triple-negative breast cancer, the combination of cancer immunotherapy based on PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors with chemotherapy was effective both in advanced and early setting phase 3 clinical trials. Atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel in the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer with 2-year survival follow-up: a phase 1b clinical trial. Neoadjuvant atezolizumab in combination with sequential nab-paclitaxel and anthracycline-based chemotherapy versus placebo and chemotherapy in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (IMpassion031): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Final report of the phase I/II clinical trial of the E75 (nelipepimut-S) vaccine with booster inoculations to prevent disease recurrence in high-risk breast cancer patients.
[97] Comparative Study of Traditional Chemotherapy and Targeted Drug ... — Additionally, emerging therapies, such as CDK4/6 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, and immunotherapies, are offering new treatment possibilities, especially for patients with resistant or aggressive forms of breast cancer, such as triple-negative breast cancer. These therapies focus on specific molecular pathways, offering tailored treatments for
[98] Balancing Power With Caution: AI's Impact On Breast Cancer — Over the past four decades, we've seen a 44% reduction in breast cancer mortality, thanks to early detection and better treatments. AI is now accelerating this progress with its capacity to analyze vast datasets, discover new patterns and enhance diagnostic accuracy. Take, for example, the groundbreaking work of Komen scholar Dr. Regina Barzilay.
[99] Screening performance and characteristics of breast cancer detected in ... — Emerging evidence suggests that artificial intelligence (AI) can increase cancer detection in mammography screening while reducing screen-reading workload, but further understanding of the clinical impact is needed.
[100] Artificial intelligence for breast cancer: Implications for diagnosis ... — Breast cancer's global impact and high mortality rates drive interest in Artificial intelligence (AI) applications. AI's pattern recognition and decision-making abilities offer promise in detection, diagnosis, personalized treatment, risk assessment, and prevention. Screening and early detection are improved by AI-enhanced mammography.
[101] Artificial Intelligence in Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Personalized ... — Furthermore, an image analysis challenge called Breast Cancer Histology (BACH) challenge aimed to automate breast tissue histology classification from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained microscopic images and WSIs. The best-performing model reached pathologist-level accuracy, with AI assistance increasing average accuracy from 0.80 to 0.88 and improving mean interobserver concordance from 0.83 to 0.90 . In the HeLP 2018 challenge in H&E-stained frozen tissue sections of SLNs of breast cancer patients, the best-performing algorithms achieved an AUC of 0.805 and a processing time of 10.8 min, but AI model accuracy was similarly reduced by factors, such as micrometastasis, neoadjuvant therapy, and invasive lobular carcinoma . Comparison of mammography AI algorithms with a clinical risk model for 5-year breast cancer risk prediction: an observational study.
[102] Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in Breast Cancer Screening and ... — Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in breast cancer diagnostics, leveraging machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms to enhance accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed medical imaging and diagnostics, offering new possibilities for improving breast cancer screening and treatment . By leveraging AI technology effectively, the medical community can improve early detection, optimize treatment outcomes, and reduce global disparities in breast cancer care. AI has significantly advanced breast cancer screening and diagnosis by enhancing various imaging modalities . Overall, AI is transforming breast cancer screening and diagnosis by improving accuracy, reducing workload, and optimizing workflow efficiency across multiple imaging modalities.
[120] Molecular breast imaging: an emerging modality for breast cancer ... — The latest nuclear medicine technique, molecular breast imaging (MBI) can be performed at radiation doses acceptable for routine breast cancer screening. Addition of MBI to screening mammography in women with mammographically dense breasts increased the cancer detection rate from three to 12 cancers per 1000 women screened in two large
[121] 3D vs. Regular Mammograms: How Do They Compare? - HealthCentral — Traditional 2D mammography is less accurate, with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 57%, according to the same study. That means it misses more cancers, and it incorrectly diagnoses more
[122] Traditional versus modern approaches to screening mammography: a ... — Traditional versus modern approaches to screening mammography: a comparison of computer-assisted detection for synthetic 2D mammography versus an artificial intelligence algorithm for digital breast tomosynthesis ... Lesion-specific sensitivity of 3D AI was higher ... Specificity of 3D AI was higher than 2D CADe (54.3 versus 16.7%, P < 0.001
[133] Chapter 1 The Epidemiology of Breast Cancer - National Center for ... — As of 2020, breast cancer has become the most diagnosed cancer globally, overtaking lung and prostate cancers. Breast cancer incidence is increasing globally with cases in the United States expected to reach 364,000 in the year 2040. Part of this increase may be attributed to improved detection but some, especially in lower developed countries, may be due to changes in female fertility
[134] Breast cancer - World Health Organization (WHO) — © Credits Breast cancer 13 March 2024 Key facts Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which abnormal breast cells grow out of control and form tumours. Scope of the problem In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor.
[135] Breast cancer - World Cancer Report - NCBI Bookshelf — Some breast cancer risk factors (e.g. mammographic density) are similarly associated with most currently recognized breast cancer subtypes, whereas for others (e.g. parity) the relationships vary significantly by subtype; reliable estimates of these differences have only recently begun to emerge. In a study that combined data from two large cohorts and assessed a range of well-established breast cancer risk factors in relation to breast cancer in postmenopausal women, the population attributable risk was 70.0% (95% CI, 55.0–80.7%) overall . In epidemiological studies, a positive association between socioeconomic status and breast cancer risk is well established. Colditz and Bohlke recently reviewed the evidence that acting on already established information about modifiable risk factors could substantially reduce breast cancer incidence in high-income countries (Table 5.9.1) .
[137] Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts — Lifetime Risk of Developing Cancer: Approximately 13.1 percent of women will be diagnosed with female breast cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. Prevalence of This Cancer: In 2021, there were an estimated 3,972,256 women living with female breast cancer in the United States.
[139] PDF — that addresses local, cultural, and family-based needs, spanning the continuum of cancer care. With its three integrated components—educational outreach and screening assistance; a support group for women in treatment, survivors, and their loved ones; and in-home visits by trained fellow survivors—the program removes barriers to breast
[141] Addressing Cancer Disparities Through Community Engagement: Lessons and ... — This review article aims to explore the role of community engagement in addressing cancer disparities and highlight the lessons learned and best practices from existing initiatives. By examining successful community engagement models and strategies, this article provides insights and recommendations for researchers, healthcare providers, policymakers, and community leaders interested in developing effective approaches to reduce cancer disparities. By engaging community members, accurate and culturally relevant health information can be effectively disseminated, increasing awareness and understanding of cancer disparities and prevention measures . By addressing these barriers, community engagement interventions have improved access to timely and appropriate cancer care, reducing disparities in treatment and healthcare outcomes . By investing in cultural understanding, linguistic accessibility, and tailoring interventions, community engagement efforts can effectively address cancer disparities.
[142] Four community programs making a difference when it comes to breast cancer — The Research Foundation for the State University of New York, on behalf of the University at Buffalo's "Patient Voices Breast Cancer Program," supports predominantly low-income Black, Hispanic, refugee and immigrant women living in rural areas. Through mobile mammography and peer education ambassadors, their goal is to reach women at high
[147] Social determinants of breast cancer risk, stage, and survival — Socioeconomic factors influence risk of breast cancer. For all racial/ethnic groups, breast cancer incidence rates tend to be positively associated with socioeconomic status. On the other hand, low socioeconomic status is associated with increased risk of aggressive premenopausal breast cancers as well as late stage of diagnosis and poorer
[148] Social factors matter in cancer risk and survivorship - PMC — Abstract. Greater attention to social factors, such as race/ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and others, are needed across the cancer continuum, including breast cancer, given differences in tumor biology and genetic variants have not completely explained the persistent Black/White breast cancer mortality disparity.
[149] Socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer: distinguishing individual ... — Background: Women are at higher risk of breast cancer if they have higher socioeconomic status (SES) or live in higher SES or urban communities. We examined whether women living in such communities remained at greater risk of breast cancer after controlling for individual education and other known individual-level risk factors.
[150] Breast Cancer Risk : High Socioeconomic Status - Susan G. Komen® — Learn about other risk factors for breast cancer.. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer screening and treatment. SES may also affect how likely a woman is to get breast cancer screening and how likely she is to have access to timely and high-quality care.
[151] Effect of neighborhood and individual-level socioeconomic factors on ... — Background Although mammography can significantly reduce breast cancer mortality, many women do not receive their annual breast cancer screening. Differences in screening adherence exist by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and insurance status. However, more detailed investigations into the impact of neighborhood disadvantage and access to resources on screening adherence are
[161] Incidence Rate Trends of Breast Cancer Overall and by Molecular Subtype ... — Among women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death globally. 1 In the US over the past decade from 2010 to 2019, breast cancer incidence rates have increased 0.5% annually. 2 However, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of 4 main subtypes defined by joint hormone
[162] Global and regional trends in incidence and mortality of female breast ... — Although previous studies have also analyzed trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality, these studies have certain limitations, such as outdated data ... while most developing countries have presented a tremendous increase in incidence over the past two decades. Although the disease burden of FBC was more prominent in the population aged
[178] Understanding the Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer — Understanding the Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer Research Foundation Read about luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like breast cancers—and how molecular subtyping guides breast cancer treatment Read on to learn more about each of the four molecular subtypes of breast cancer, how doctors and researchers use these subtypes, and what it means to be diagnosed with a specific subtype. Examining these gene expression patterns allows reseachers to paint a “molecular portrait” of each tumor, which can be classified into four distinct breast cancer molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like. There is an 80 percent overlap between triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) and tumors that comprise the basal-like molecular subtype. https://www.bcrf.org/blog/triple-negative-breast-cancer-new-subtype-classifications-shed-light-targeted-treatments/
[180] Evolving molecular subtyping of breast cancer advances precision treatment — The landscape of breast cancer treatment has been revolutionized by the advent of molecular profiling, which has shifted the therapeutic paradigm from a one-size-fits-all approach to subtype-specific precision therapy.
[181] Biological subtypes of breast cancer: Prognostic and therapeutic ... — Cheang et al studied 357 breast cancer subtypes by using microarray based gene expression profiling and the Ki67 hormone receptor and HER2 status by immunohistochemistry. PAM 50 is a 50 gene expression assay based on microarray and quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR that was developed by analyzing 189 breast tumor samples to separate them into four molecular breast cancer subtypes (luminal-A, luminal-B, HER2-positive and basal-like). MammaPrint is a microarray based gene expression profiling assay that was developed after analyzing data from 78 patients with ER-positive, node-negative breast cancer patients who had not received adjuvant systemic therapy. Gene expression profiling identifies activated growth factor signaling in poor prognosis (Luminal-B) estrogen receptor positive breast cancer.
[182] Predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine in breast cancer ... — Breast cancer (BC) is a multifaceted disease characterized by distinct molecular subtypes and varying responses to treatment. In BC, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has emerged as a crucial contributor to the development, advancement, and resistance to treatment. ... and personalized medicine in breast cancer: targeting the
[183] Predictive biomarkers for personalized medicine in breast cancer — The search for new predictive biomarkers is critical to the development of personalized medicine for breast cancer patients. ... These different therapeutic options have markedly improved patient outcomes. However, further improvement is needed to fight against resistance to treatment. ... Although more than 10 breast cancer subtypes were
[184] The molecular genetics of breast cancer and targeted therapy — Breast cancer is a complex, molecular disease, in which a number of cellular pathways involving cell growth and proliferation, such as the MAPK, RB/E2F, P13K/AKT/mTOR, and TP53 pathways, are altered. ... Recent developments in critical genes in the molecular biology of breast cancer. Asian J Surg. 2005;28:71-5. doi: 10.1016/S1015-9584(09
[190] Advancing precision and personalized breast cancer treatment through ... — Recent advances in multi-omics technologies are greatly enhanced our understanding of breast cancer biology. With approaches like next-generation sequencing, genomic analyses are increasingly able to identify key mutations and driver genes that can be the foundation for novel targeted therapies . For example, in a comprehensive genomic
[191] Next-Generation Sequencing in Cancer - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Next-generation sequencing (NGS) advancements like DNA sequencing and RNA sequencing allow uncovering of genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic scenes of individual malignant growths. An assortment of genomic abnormalities can be screened at the same time, for example common and uncommon variations, auxiliary variations like insertions and
[192] Recent advances in the methods and clinical applications of next ... — Therefore, it is important to use mutation-targeted therapies in cancer treatment (Waarts et al., 2022). NGS has an enormous contribution in PM, since NGS can mediate genome sequencing and identify each cancer-associated genomic alteration, which also aids in the clinical data availability (Morganti et al., 2020). Therefore, precise genetic and molecular profiling of tumors are now routinely done prior to the use of targeted therapy or PM in cancer treatment (Jin et al., 2019). It was observed in that trial that the sequencing-matched therapy exhibited better overall survival, time to treatment failure, and response rate in comparison with the patients with cancer who did not receive sequencing-matched treatment (Tsimberidou et al., 2014).
[193] Comprehensive Review on the Clinical Impact of Next-Generation ... — The introduction of NGS assays has allowed the cancer genome to be systematically studied, providing oncologists with more comprehensive, precise, predictive, prognostic, and diagnostic information. 2 NGS-based gene panel tests have successfully identified driver mutations in lung cancers, 3,4 colorectal cancer, 5 and breast cancer, 3 which in turn has resulted in the development and use of
[204] Epigenetic Targeting in Breast Cancer: Therapeutic Impact and Future ... — SUMMARY Breast carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving both genetic and epigenetic changes. Epigenetics is defined as a reversible and heritable change in gene expression that is not accompanied by alteration in gene sequence. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the two major epigenetic changes that influence gene expression in cancer. The interaction between methylation and
[205] Epigenomics and breast cancer - PMC — Breast carcinogenesis involves genetic and epigenetic alterations that cause aberrant gene function. Recent progress in the knowledge of epigenomics has had a profound impact on the understanding of mechanisms leading to breast cancer, and consequently the development of new strategies for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
[207] Epigenetics and environment in breast cancer: New paradigms for anti ... — Here, we discuss state-of-the-art information on the epigenetics of breast cancer and how environmental risk factors orchestrate major epigenetic events, emphasizing the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach toward a better understanding of the gene-environment interactions implicated in breast cancer.
[209] The role of genetics and epigenetics in breast cancer: A comprehensive ... — Breast cancer is a complex disease driven by a multitude of genetic and epigenetic factors. While genetic mutations, such as those in breast cancer gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) and PIK3CA, have been extensively studied, recent research underscores the importance of epigenetic modifications in breast cancer progression and treatment resistance.
[218] Diet and Breast Cancer - Susan G. Komen® — Diet and breast cancer risk. Maintaining a healthy weight is linked to a lower risk of breast cancer after menopause . However, only a few dietary factors appear to be related to breast cancer. Studies show : Drinking alcohol is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer; Eating fruits and vegetables may be linked to a decreased risk of
[219] Breast Cancer Diet "BCD": A Review of Healthy Dietary Patterns to ... — Keywords: breast cancer (BC), breast cancer survival, secondary prevention, healthy dietary patterns. 1. Introduction. Breast cancer (BC) represents the most common cancer in women, while overweight or obesity are the second preventable cause of cancer, related to 33% of postmenopausal breast cancers that could be prevented by lifestyle
[222] Obesity as potential breast cancer risk factor for postmenopausal women ... — Obesity is not merely a risk factor for breast cancer; it is equally a potent prognostic factor which predicts upshots of the disease. 7 Obese breast cancer women have a high possibility to develop larger tumors, well progress stage at the time of first clinical examination, high rate of metastasis and may generate resistance to hormone therapy
[223] Obesity and adverse breast cancer risk and outcome: Mechanistic ... — The prevalence of obesity among US women ages 60 years and older between 2011 and 2014 was approximately 39%.2 Metabolic syndrome has increased with the rise of obesity40 and is significantly associated with a higher postmenopausal breast cancer risk.41 Obesity consistently associates with higher postmenopausal breast cancer risk in many
[224] Breast Cancer Risk Factors: Body Weight and Weight Gain — Weight loss and breast cancer risk Weight loss after menopause. Losing weight after menopause may be linked to a lower risk of breast cancer [76,88,97-98].A pooled analysis of more than 180,000 postmenopausal women found those who lost weight (and kept the weight off) had a lower risk of breast cancer than women whose weight didn't change much over time [].
[226] Dietary Patterns and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review — Results: Conclusion statement and grade: Dietary patterns consumed by adults and older adults that are characterized by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, legumes and nuts, and whole grains and lower intakes of red and processed meats, refined grains, and sugar-sweetened foods and beverages are associated with lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer relative to other dietary patterns.
[227] Diet and Breast Cancer Risk | Breast Cancer Research Foundation - bcrf.org — Diet and Breast Cancer Risk | Breast Cancer Research Foundation How Diet Impacts Breast Cancer Risk and Outcomes The Links Between Diet and Breast Cancer Risk A recent study conducted by BCRF researcher Dr. Melinda Irwin showed that following an exercise program and a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber and low in sugar and processed foods was associated with a greater pathological complete response (pCR) in patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive/HER2-negative and triple-negative breast cancer undergoing presurgical chemotherapy. You may associate wine with the Mediterranean diet; however, the researchers excluded it from the study because alcohol is linked to a higher risk of breast cancer. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/soy-breast-cancer-risk/faq-20120377 Mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer: An umbrella review.
[229] Factors associated with public awareness of the ... - BMC Public Health — Background Public awareness of the carcinogenic effects of alcohol is low, particularly the association between alcohol use and the risk of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer is the third most common cancer in Ireland and alcohol use remains high. This study examined factors related to awareness of the association between alcohol use and breast cancer risk. Methods Using data from Wave 2
[230] Factors associated with public awareness of the relationship between ... — The study also found that less than one-half of the health professional staff at the service (48.5%) were aware that alcohol use is a risk factor for developing breast cancer. Despite alcohol being classified as a Group 1 carcinogen since 1988, the poor public awareness of the association between alcohol use and breast cancer risk is concerning.
[231] Alcohol and Cancer Risk - HHS.gov — Alcohol and Cancer Risk. ... evidence for the causal link between alcohol consumption and increased risk for at least seven different types of cancer, including breast (in women), colorectum, esophagus, voice box, liver, mouth, and throat. ... For more information on alcohol consumption and public health interventions, policies and solutions,
[232] Demographic disparities in the limited awareness of alcohol use as a ... — Therefore, this study aims to (1) assess the level of awareness of alcohol use as a risk factor for breast cancer in a large study of U.S. women and (2) to identify differences in awareness by sociodemographic characteristics and past-year level of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems, and (3) to examine the association between past-year
[235] How Diet Impacts Breast Cancer Risk and Outcomes — Diet and Breast Cancer Risk | Breast Cancer Research Foundation How Diet Impacts Breast Cancer Risk and Outcomes The Links Between Diet and Breast Cancer Risk A recent study conducted by BCRF researcher Dr. Melinda Irwin showed that following an exercise program and a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber and low in sugar and processed foods was associated with a greater pathological complete response (pCR) in patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive/HER2-negative and triple-negative breast cancer undergoing presurgical chemotherapy. You may associate wine with the Mediterranean diet; however, the researchers excluded it from the study because alcohol is linked to a higher risk of breast cancer. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/soy-breast-cancer-risk/faq-20120377 Mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer: An umbrella review.
[236] Effect of exercise and/or reduced calorie dietary interventions on ... — In conclusion, the combined data from six randomized controlled trials demonstrate that there are beneficial effects when weight loss was achieved by a reduced calorie diet intervention with or without exercise on breast cancer-related endogenous sex hormones in overweight, physically inactive postmenopausal women.
[237] The Impact of Lifestyle Interventions in High-Risk Early Breast Cancer ... — The study included women aged 18 years or older who had been treated for a histologically confirmed, invasive, non-metastatic breast cancer and had completed their main cancer treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy) for more than 6 months, who had at least one of the following risk factors at diagnosis: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, high testosterone levels (testosterone ≥ 0.4 ng/mL or 1.152 nmol/L), high serum insulin levels (serum Insulin ≥ 27 uU/mL or 50 pmol/L) or diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MS) based on National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria (Adult Treatment Panel, 2005 guidelines). Our study suggests the integration of exercise programs and dietary intervention into the treatment of overweight high-risk BC patients, as healthy lifestyle reduces risk factors involved in BC recurrence and ensures psycho-physical well-being, potentially translating into a prognostic advantage.
[239] 12 Breast Cancer-Fighting Foods (and 6 to Avoid) - Healthline — Certain fruits and vegetables, fatty fish, fermented foods, beans, herbs and spices, whole grains, and walnuts can help reduce your risk of breast cancer.
[246] Self-Reported Changes and Perceived Barriers to Healthy Eating and ... — Fatigue was the top barrier to both making healthy food choices (72.1%) and staying physically active (65.7%), followed by stress (69.5%) and treatment-related changes in eating habits (eg, change in tastes, loss of appetite, and craving unhealthy food) (31.4% to 48.6%) as barriers to healthy eating, and pain or discomfort (53.7%) as barriers
[248] Lifestyle Intervention for Breast Cancer Women - PMC — Lifestyle intervention involving nutrition education, physical activity, and stress management, and has been shown to be effective in improving the health of breast cancer patients. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and apply a lifestyle intervention program to promote health in breast cancer patients. Keywords: Lifestyle, Breast cancer, Health
[249] Breast cancer and social environment: getting by with a little help ... — Social environment is a well-recognized determinant in health and wellbeing. Among breast cancer patients, inadequate social support is associated with a substantial increase in cancer-related mortality. A common explanation is that socially isolated individuals fare worse due to reduced instrumental support (i.e., assistance meeting the demands of treatment). However, the ability to replicate
[250] The Roles of Social Support and Coping Strategies in Predicting Breast ... — WOMEN with breast cancer feel diverse physical concerns as well as emotional problems such as distress, anxiety, or depression (Spiegel, 1997).As a way to reduce these problems and increase their quality of life, women with breast cancer have been found to rely on a diverse range of coping mechanisms, which are known to reduce distress (e.g. Han et al., 2008).
[251] Exploring the Role of Social Support in Promoting Patient Participation ... — More relevant to the present research, we argue that the effects of social support on health and well-being can be extended to patient participation in health care. Specifically, social support outside medical encounters may have a positive spillover effect on patients' interaction with health care professionals in medical encounters.
[252] An Overview of Prognostic Markers in Breast Cancer - Pmc — The presumed correlates of good prognosis, as far as morphological markers are concerned, are the smaller tumour size ; special histological types of breast cancer in comparison to commonest type i.e. infiltrating duct carcinoma-No special type {IDC-NST} ; low tumour grade based on modified Scarf Bloom Richardson {SBR} system ; and
[254] Classical and Novel Prognostic Markers for Breast Cancer and their ... — Breast cancer is the major common malignancy in women, and its treatment is possible if diagnosed at an early stage. 1-4 Traditional prognostic factors include the axillary lymph node status, the tumor size, and the nuclear grade and histological grade. 1,3 The prognosis for breast cancer generally depends on its stage, typically graded as I
[255] Breast cancer prognostic markers: an overview of a changing menu — Here we present a brief summary of traditional breast cancer prognostic factors and prognostic multigene classifiers used in current clinical decision making and their potential impact on future clinical management. We further provide a brief glimpse into the landscape of mutational analysis that is likely to be part of large clinical laboratories.
[257] The Evolving Role of Genomic Testing in Early Breast Cancer ... — Multigene genomic assays are RNA-based molecular tests that assist treatment decision-making in early breast cancer ... and addressing the practicalities that can facilitate their seamless integration into clinical practice. By doing so, we can harness the full potential of these assays to enhance the precision and efficacy of BC diagnosis and
[258] Tools to guide treatment decisions in early breast cancer: Genomic ... — Overview. Genomic assays have emerged as valuable tools in clinical practice for early breast cancer, providing important information for risk stratification and guiding adjuvant therapy choices in conjunction with traditional clinical assessments. 1 Molecular residual disease (MRD) is postulated to be associated with disease recurrence in breast cancer and can potentially be identified by
[259] HER2DX Test Transforms Treatment Decisions in HER2+ Breast Cancer — The significant clinical utility of the HER2DX genomic assay in guiding treatment decisions for patients with stage I-III HER2-positive breast cancer has been shown in a prospective real-world study published in ESMO Real World Data and Digital Oncology. 1. The study, led by Olga Martínez-Sáez, MD, PhD, Juan Miguel Cejalvo, MD, and Antonio Llombart-Cussac, MD, PhD, evaluated 297 patients
[260] Enhancing clinical decision support with genomic tools in breast cancer ... — These include the Oncotype DX® Breast Recurrence Score® (RS) assay (Genomic Health Inc ... support to the combined approach and the introduction of the forthcoming RSClin test is expected to further enhance treatment decision-making ... on behalf of the Veneto Oncology Network Impact of 21‐gene breast cancer assay on treatment decision for
[261] A Comprehensive Review of HER2 in Cancer Biology and Therapeutics — Overall, HER2 status plays a critical role in guiding treatment decisions and predicting the response to therapy in breast cancer. Ongoing clinical trials continue to expand the treatment landscape for HER2-positive breast cancer, aiming to further improve the outcomes and quality of life of patients with this subtype of cancer.
[264] Estrogen Receptor: A Paradigm for Targeted Therapy — Abstract. Nearly two-thirds of breast cancers overexpress estrogen receptors, and endocrine therapy is considered the backbone of systemic therapy both in early and advanced settings. While this is now widely recognized in clinical practice, this is the culmination of outstanding contribution of many investigators and patients. Indubitably, estrogen receptor targeting has had the most impact
[265] Advances in estrogen receptor biology: prospects for improvements in ... — Estrogen receptor (ER) has a crucial role in normal breast development and is expressed in the most common breast cancer subtypes. Importantly, its expression is very highly predictive for response to endocrine therapy. Current endocrine therapies for ER-positive breast cancers target ER function at multiple levels.
[289] Breast Cancer: An Overview of Current Therapeutic Strategies ... - PubMed — For metastatic breast cancer, the goal of treatments is to prolong survival and maintain quality of life. This review will present the current advances and controversies of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and other innovative treatment strategies in early-stage and
[290] Breast Cancer Treatment | Breast Cancer Research Foundation — And rapid advances in radiation and chemotherapy to target cancer cells as well as endocrine therapy to treat breast cancer provided strategies with and beyond breast surgery to improve outcomes. Targeted therapy for breast cancer may block the action of the specific protein or disrupt associated pathways that signal to the tumor cells to keep growing. Typically, chemotherapy drugs are used as part of a breast cancer treatment plan that includes one or more other approaches such as surgery, radiation, endocrine therapy, and targeted therapy. Other hormonal breast cancer treatments for breast cancer can decrease the effect of estrogen on cancer cells’ growth by interfering with the binding of estrogen to its receptor.
[292] Breast Cancer: An Overview of Current Therapeutic Strategies, Challenge ... — The study included 12 breast cancer patients, and result showed that the approach was safe and targeted gene expression was detected in up to 90% of the patients.90 Another phase 2 trial includes 28 patients with metastatic TNBC to explore the value of in situ virus gene therapy (ADV/HSV-tk) plus stereotactic body radiotherapy and pembrolizumab, and the result demonstrated that clinical benefit rate was 21.4%, and patients with clinical benefit had durable responses, with improved median duration on treatment (9.6 months) and OS (14.7 months).91 Use of microRNA in anti-cancer therapy also showed promising results in inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation and development. Effect of capecitabine maintenance therapy using lower dosage and higher frequency vs observation on disease-free survival among patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer who had received standard treatment: the SYSUCC-001 randomized clinical trial.
[293] Breast Cancer Treatment - NCI — The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether it is in the breast only or has spread to lymph nodes or other places in the body). In women with metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive and has not responded to other treatments, options may include targeted therapy such as: In women with metastatic breast cancer that is HER2 negative, with mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, and who have been treated with chemotherapy, treatment may include targeted therapy with a PARP inhibitor (olaparib or talazoparib). In women with metastatic breast cancer that has not responded to hormone therapy, has spread to other organs, or has caused symptoms, treatment may include chemotherapy with one or more drugs.
[301] Patient preferences for early-stage breast cancer treatment | PPA — Shared decision-making is considered the preferred approach for preference-sensitive decisions, and is a high priority among cancer patients. 18-20 Elicitation of patient preferences and values is reported as a key component of shared decision-making. 18,21 Prior studies have evaluated treatment preferences for surgery and/or chemotherapy
[302] Patients' preferred and perceived level of involvement in decision ... — Patient involvement in decision making for cancer treatment has been shown to improve patient's perception of quality of care, 8 physical functioning, 9 patient satisfaction, 10 and quality of life. 11 Hack et al. 11 showed that women experiencing active involvement in treatment decision for breast cancer reported a significantly higher
[303] Surgery Options for Breast Cancer: Lumpectomy vs. Mastectomy — Factors Influencing the Choice of Surgery. The decision between lumpectomy and mastectomy depends on factors like tumor size, breast size, cancer stage, and genetic predispositions. Patient preferences, including concerns about appearance and risk of recurrence, also play a critical role in making this decision.
[304] Breast Cancer Lumpectomy vs Mastectomy | Informed Choices — Several critical factors influence the decision between lumpectomy and mastectomy. These include the size and location of the tumor, whether multiple tumors are present, and patient history with radiation therapy. ... Choosing between breast cancer lumpectomy vs mastectomy involves careful consideration of numerous factors including medical
[309] Common regimens (for early stage breast cancer) - LBBC — All influence which chemotherapy regimen your doctor suggests. The benefits of the medicines balanced with possible side effects; Past or future treatments; Remember that many effective chemotherapy regimens are used to treat breast cancer. Each regimen has a different length, dosage, and combination of medicines.
[310] Selection of Optimal Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy for ... — In 2016, ASCO published an adaptation of the Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) guideline on the selection of optimal adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer and adjuvant targeted therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers. 1 ASCO updates its guidelines at intervals determined by the Expert Panel co-chairs on the basis of targeted literature
[312] Effects of Lean Thinking and Emerging Technologies on Breast Cancer ... — Cryoablation has progressively emerged as a minimally invasive new technology alternative to breast cancer surgery, with reduced morbidity and psychosocial and cosmetic impact. There is compelling evidence ( 17 , 18 ) that cryoablation might represent a valid alternative to surgical resection for small luminal-like tumors as a definitive treatment.
[313] Emerging Role of Robotic Surgery in the Breast — In recent years, there has been increased adoption of robotic technology in oncologic breast surgery, particularly with the use of robotic nipple sparing mastectomy (r-NSM). Here we review the emergence of robotic-assisted surgery in breast procedures, and discuss the safety, limited oncologic outcomes, apparent advantages, and potential limitations of r-NSM compared to conventional open-NSM
[314] Recent Advances in Breast Cancer Surgery - Texas Breast Center — Recent advances in breast cancer surgery have significantly considered the characteristics of neoplasms, focusing on tailored surgical approaches based on tumor biology. At Texas Breast Center, understanding the neoplasm's type, stage, and genetic makeup helps Dr. Gorman and her team to determine the most effective surgical plan, whether it
[315] Surgical techniques in breast cancer: an overview - ScienceDirect — With advancements in oncology and oncoplastic training, the options for treating breast cancer have expanded exponentially over the past two decades. In particular, surgical techniques have advanced to the point where oncological safety and aesthetic outcomes are now the pillars of contemporary breast surgery.
[331] Breastcancer.org - Breast Cancer Information and Support — We are your go-to resource for clear, reliable, accurate, and up-to-date breast cancer information as well as community support. No one should face breast cancer alone. Find your community at Breastcancer.org Join
[332] BCAM Resources - National Breast Cancer Foundation — Top Resources for Breast Cancer Awareness Month This October, NBCF is bringing you the educational information and support you need. Learn more and get free resources to support your breast health now. ... Emotional Support. A breast cancer diagnosis is a life-altering moment that can create fear and uncertainty. NBCF is here for you during
[335] The 2025 Resource Edition for Breast Cancer Survivors — These organizations provide guidance on treatment options, emotional support, caregiver support, financial assistance, and so much more. Whether you seek information about the latest advancements in treatment, wish to connect with fellow survivors, or need assistance navigating the complexities of healthcare, the 2024 Resource Edition can help navigate you toward the resources you need.
[342] How to Support Breast Cancer Awareness in Your Community — In this article, we'll explore meaningful ways to raise awareness for breast cancer while promoting early detection of breast cancer and providing support to those affected. Together, we can make a difference in the lives of patients, survivors, and their families. 1. Organize or Participate in Community Breast Cancer Events
[345] 9 Ways To Get Involved With Breast Cancer Awareness Month — 7 - Share and Speak Out About Breast Cancer on Social Media. Bridge the gap and connect with those around the world who are impacted by breast cancer. Share resources and personal experiences on social media. You can also use #breastcancer in your posts and look up other posts with the hashtag to connect with others this month.
[347] Coping response following a diagnosis of breast cancer: A systematic ... — The more frequent coping strategies that patients with breast cancer used in the studies were 1) seeking social support (9 studies), 2) positive reframing and reappraisal behaviors as problem focused strategies (7 studies), 3) religious/spirituality-focused efforts (8 studies), 4) emotional expression as positive emotion-focused strategies (3